Biology is a vital subject in the WAEC and GCE science curriculum. Whether you're a school candidate or a private (GCE) candidate, mastering the WAEC Biology syllabus is essential to achieving academic success and laying the groundwork for future studies in medicine, agriculture, pharmacy, and environmental science.
This blog outlines the full 2025 WAEC & GCE Biology syllabus, the exam structure, key areas to focus on, and helpful tips to excel in your exams.
Aims and Objectives of the Biology Syllabus
The WAEC/GCE Biology syllabus is designed to help students:
- Acquire knowledge of basic biological principles and practices.
- Develop scientific skills and attitudes.
- Understand the relationship between biology and other sciences.
- Apply biological knowledge to everyday life and real-world problems.
WAEC & GCE Biology Exam Structure (2025)
The examination consists of three papers:
Paper 1 – Objective Test
- 50 multiple-choice questions
- Time: 50 minutes
- Marks: 50
Paper 2 – Essay (Theory)
- 6–7 essay questions; candidates answer 4
- Time: 1 hour 40 minutes
- Marks: 80
Paper 3 – Practical or Alternative to Practical
- For school candidates: real laboratory practical
- For GCE/private candidates: alternative to practical
- Time: 1 hour
- Marks: 60
2025 WAEC & GCE Biology Syllabus Topics
1. The Living Cell
- Cell structure and functions
- Cell theory
- Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport
- Cell division: mitosis and meiosis
2. Organization of Life
- Levels of organization: cells, tissues, organs, systems
- Functions of different organs and systems
3. Classification of Living Organisms
- Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
- Binomial nomenclature
- Major characteristics and examples
4. Nutrition
- Modes of nutrition (autotrophic and heterotrophic)
- Photosynthesis
- Food tests
- Human nutrition and digestive system
5. Transport System
- Transport in plants (xylem and phloem)
- Circulatory system in humans
- Composition and function of blood
6. Respiration
- Types of respiration (aerobic & anaerobic)
- Respiratory organs in animals
- Mechanism of breathing
7. Excretion
- Excretory products in plants and animals
- Human excretory system (kidneys, skin, lungs)
8. Growth and Development
- Differences between growth and development
- Conditions necessary for growth
- Growth in plants and animals
9. Reproduction
- Asexual and sexual reproduction
- Human reproductive system
- Pollination and fertilization in plants
10. Genetics
- Mendelian laws
- Chromosomes, genes, and DNA
- Blood groups and inheritance
11. Evolution and Adaptation
- Theories of evolution
- Natural selection
- Adaptations in plants and animals
12. Ecology
- Ecosystem components
- Food chains and webs
- Energy flow and ecological succession
- Pollution and conservation
13. Microorganisms
- Useful and harmful microbes
- Diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi
- Prevention and control
Biology Practical Topics
For WAEC school candidates and GCE private candidates (Alternative to Practical):
- Microscope handling
- Identification of biological specimens (plants, insects, bones, etc.)
- Food tests (starch, sugar, protein, fat)
- Drawing and labeling of specimens
- Measurement and observation skills
Recommended Biology Textbooks
- Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools – S. T. Ramalingam
- Essential Biology – M.C. Michael
- WAEC Past Questions & Solutions (Biology)
- Comprehensive Practical Biology for Senior Secondary Schools
Top Exam Tips to Ace WAEC/GCE Biology in 2025
- Master Definitions & Diagrams – Definitions, diagrams, and accurate labeling are commonly tested.
- Use Past Questions – Practice WAEC/GCE Biology past questions from the last 10 years.
- Study Regularly – Avoid cramming. Space your study schedule.
- Focus on Practicals – Especially specimen identification and biological drawings.
- Group Study – Discuss tough topics with classmates or study partners.
FAQs: WAEC & GCE Biology Syllabus (2025)
1. Is Biology compulsory in WAEC or GCE?
Yes, it is compulsory for science students and a requirement for medicine, nursing, and related fields.
2. Are GCE candidates required to do practicals?
GCE candidates write an Alternative to Practical paper, which tests practical knowledge theoretically.
3. What are the most frequently asked topics in WAEC Biology?
Cell structure, human systems (digestion, circulation), genetics, and ecology are frequently tested.
4. Can I use a calculator in the exam?
Yes, but only non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
5. Are diagrams important in the essay paper?
Absolutely. Well-labeled diagrams can fetch you full marks.
Conclusion
The 2025 WAEC and GCE Biology syllabus is wide but manageable with the right study approach. Focus on understanding concepts, practicing regularly, and preparing for both theory and practical questions. With determination and effort, you can secure an excellent grade in Biology.
